1. Constitutional Framework and Governance

Turkiye operates as a unitary presidential constitutional republic. Governed by the 1982 Constitution, this framework has witnessed numerous amendments, reflecting the changing political landscape of the country. Here’s a breakdown of the key components of its governance structure:

• Executive Branch: The President acts as both the head of state and government, wielding considerable power, including appointing ministers, drafting budgets, and issuing executive decrees. A significant shift occurred following a 2017 referendum, transitioning from a parliamentary to a presidential system.
• Legislative Branch: The Grand National Assembly of Turkiye (TBMM) consists of 600 members elected for five-year terms. This body is responsible for legislation, budget approval, and oversight of the executive branch.
• Judicial Branch: The judiciary in Turkiye operates independently from the executive and legislative branches, encompassing institutions like the Constitutional Court and the Council of State. While judicial independence is constitutionally protected, there have been growing concerns about government influence in recent years.

2. Political Principles: Secularism and Kemalism

Turkish politics is heavily influenced by the principles of Kemalism, introduced by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Republic:

• Secularism: A fundamental principle that aims to separate religion from state affairs. Despite increased challenges to secularism from conservative political movements, it remains a core aspect of Turkish governance.
• Modernization and Westernization: These principles have directed Turkiye’s political and economic strategies since its establishment, reflecting a commitment to progress while navigating cultural complexities.

3. Multi-Party System and Major Political Forces

Turkiye enjoys a pluralistic political landscape where several significant parties vie for influence:

• Justice and Development Party (AKP): Currently in power, the AKP is a conservative-democratic party that has emphasized economic reforms and centralized presidential power since 2002. However, it has faced criticism for its authoritarian tendencies and Islamization policies.
• Republican People’s Party (CHP): As the primary opposition party, the CHP follows Kemalist and secularist ideologies, often keeping a critical eye on the ruling party’s policies.
• Other notable parties include the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), promoting nationalist-conservative values, and the Peoples’ Democratic Party (HDP), known for its pro-Kurdish and progressive stance.

The 10% electoral threshold for parliamentary representation leads to a dynamic where larger parties dominate the political scene.

4. Political Challenges and Youth Mobilization

Political polarization is increasingly characteristic of modern Turkish society. The governing AKP frequently positions its policies as a struggle between traditional elites and the marginalized majority. However, the youth in Turkiye have emerged as a vital force advocating for change. Their dissatisfaction with restrictions on secular education, political freedoms, and academic transparency highlights a growing demand for reform.

International students may find this aspect of Turkish politics fascinating, as youth-driven movements often spearhead significant social changes within the country.

5. Historical Transformations in Politics

Throughout its modern history, Turkiye’s political structure has undergone substantial transformations:

• One-Party Rule to Multi-Party Democracy: The political climate shifted dramatically in 1950 when Turkiye transitioned from a one-party rule to multi-party democracy. Nevertheless, periods of military intervention disrupted this progress at various intervals.
• Transition to Presidential System: The 2017 constitutional referendum was pivotal, significantly consolidating presidential powers and marking a crucial direction in governance.

6. Local and Central Government

Turkiye’s governance structure is characterized by centralization, with 81 provinces administered by centrally appointed governors. However, cities like Istanbul and Ankara retain some level of self-governance, which allows for localized decision-making in areas such as education and urban development.

Conclusion

Understanding Turkish politics entails recognizing its intricate historical context, the evolving role of the constitution, and the interplay of political movements. For international students, a thorough comprehension of Turkish politics not only enhances their educational journey but also offers valuable insights into broader global issues of governance, democracy, and civil society.

As you consider your educational future, Study in Turkiye is here to assist you in navigating admission processes for top universities like Yildiz Technical University and Yaşar University, providing key information and personalized support throughout your journey.

Take the Next Step with Study in Turkiye

Explore further and embark on your academic journey while experiencing Turkiye’s unique political landscape.